The University of North Carolina Herbarium
(NCU) has catalogued approximately 75 vascular plant specimens
collected by Francis Harper. The earliest specimens date from
1933 and were collected in the Okefenokee Swamp, a place that
Harper devoted his life to preserving. Specimens from 1939 were
collected throughout the south: North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Virginia, and Florida. Those from 1946-1950 were collected in
the northeast (Pennsylvania and New York), presumably while he
was employed by the New York State Museum, since some of these
specimens list Stanley J. Smith, a curator at that institution,
as a co-collector. NCU has found a handful of specimens from Harper's
studies in Quebec and Labrador in the 1950s; as specimens from
Canada have not been a databasing priority, there may be many
more in our collection. Harper and his spouse, Jean S. Harper,
collected throughout the mountains of North Carolina in the 1960s.
While Harry E. Ahles is listed as the determiner on many of these
specimens, they do not bear the "Collected for the Flora
of the Carolinas" label, so it seems that Harper was not
officially employed by the project.
Gary Perlmutter is currently doing an inventory
of NCU's lichen collection and reports that there are approximately
50 lichen specimens collected by Francis Harper. Harper's
lichen specimens at NCU include a partial set from his 1953 Ungava
expedition, all of which are cited in the published report on
the area’s lichens and liverworts (Dix 1956). The article
does not list NCU as a receiving institution of his specimens,
which means that they were likely deposited at the Herbarium after
its publication.
Dix, W.L. 1956. Lichens and hepatics of
the Ungava Penninsula. The Bryologist 59(1): 43-50.
OKEFENOKEE SWAMP PRESERVATION
For an interesting article about Francis
and Jean Harper's efforts to preserve the Okefenokee Swamp, click
here.
This link also includes a photo of Francis, Jean, and Molly, one
of their four children.
PUBLICATIONS (incomplete list)
Murphy, R. C. and Francis Harper. 1915.
Ichthyological notes from Montauk, Long Island. Copeia 23: 41-43.
Wetmore, Alexander and Francis Harper. 1917. A note on the hibernation
of Kinosternon pennsylvanicum. Copeia 45: 56-59.
Harper, Francis. 1920. The Florida Water-Rat (Neofiber alleni)
In Okefinokee Swamp, Georgia. Journal of Mammology 1(2): 65-66.
---. 1926. Tales of the Okefinokee. American Speech 1(8): 407-420.
---. 1928. Birds of the Eurasian tundra. Science, New Series 68(1749):
15.
---. 1929. General Notes: Mammal notes from Randolph County, Georgia.
Journal of Mammology 10(1): 84-85.
---. 1930. Notes on certain forms of the House Mouse (Mus
mulsculus), particularly those of Eastern North America.
Journal of Mammology 11(1): 49-52.
---. 1930. Alligators of the Okefinokee. The Scientific Monthly
31(1): 51-67.
---. 1930. Notes on fishes, amphibians and reptiles of Randolph
County, Georgia. Copeia 1930(4): 152-154.
---. 1391. A dweller in the piney woods. The Scientific Monthly
32(2): 176-181.
---. 1931. Physiographic and faunal areas in the Athabaska and
Great Slave Lakes region. Ecology 12(1): 18-32.
---. 1931. Notes on two Georgia species of Pseudacris.
Copeia 1931(4): 159-161.
---. 1932. Mammals of the Athabaska and Great Slave lakes region.
Journal of Mammology 13: 19-36.
---. 1935. Records of amphibians in the southeastern states. American
Midland Naturalist 16(3): 275-310.
---. 1935. Eggs and young of the Pilot Black Snake and the Fox
Snake. American Midland Naturalist 16(6): 932-935.
---. 1937. A season with Holbrook's
Chorus Frog (Pseudacris ornata). American Midland Naturalist
18(2): 260-272.
---. 1939. Distribution, taxonomy, nomenclature and habits of
the Little Tree-frog (Hyla ocularis). American Midland
Naturalist 22(1): 134-149.
---. 1939. Obituary Notices: Arthur Newlin Leeds.
Journal of Mammology 20(2): 282-283.
---. 1939. William Bartram's bicentennial. The Scientific Monthly
48(4): 380-384.
---. 1940. The nomenclature and type localities of certain Old
World mammals. Journal of Mammology 21(2): 191-203.
---. 1940. The nomenclature and type localities of certain Old
World mammals. Journal of Mammology 21(3): 322-332.
---. 1940. Some works of Bartram, Daudin, Latreille, and Sonnini,
and their bearing upon North American herpetological nomenclature.
American Midland Naturalist 23(3): 692-723.
---. 1942. The name of the Warmouth. Copeia 1942(1): 50.
---. 1942. The status of Scincus lateralis Say. Copeia
1942(3): 180.
---. 1942. General Notes: The name of the Florida Wolf. Journal
of Mammology 23(3): 335-348.
Bartram, John. 1942. Diary of a journey through the Carolinas,
Georgia, and Florida from July 1, 1765, to April 10, 1766. Annotated
by Francis Harper. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
Harper, Francis. 1945. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old
World. Illus. by Earle L. Poole. New York: American Commitee for
Interanational Wild Life Protection, 850 pp.
---. 1953. Birds of the Nueltin Lake expedition, Keewatin, 1947.
American Midland Naturalist 49: 1-116.
---. 1955. The barren ground caribou of Keewatin. University of
Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication No.
6. 164 p.
---. 1956. The mammals of Keewatin. University of Kansas Museum
of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication No. 12. 94 p.
---. 1958. Birds of the Ungava Peninsula. University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication No. 17. 171
pp.
--- (editor). 1958. Travels of William Bartram, Naturalist's Edition.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 727 pp.
---. 1961. Land and fresh-water mammals of Ungava. University
of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication
No 27. 178 p.
---. 1963. Caribou and Eskimos. International Union for the Conservation
of Nature, Bulletin No. 6.
---. 1964. Caribou Eskimos of the Upper Kazan River, Keewatin.
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication
No. 36. 74 p.
---. 1964. The friendly Montagnais and their neighbors in the
Ungave Peninsula. University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History,
Misc. Pub. No. 37. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 121 pp.
Harper, Francis and Delma E. Presley. 1981. Okefinokee Album.
Athens: University of Georgia Press.
PUBLICATIONS ABOUT FRANCIS HARPER
Palmer, Ralph S. (1973) Obituaries:
Francis Harper. The Auk 90(3): 737-738.
Francis Harper, naturalist, author, and editor, joined the A.O.U.
[American Ornithological Union] in 1907, became an Elective Member
in 1917, and subsequently an honorary Life Elective Member. He
was born in Southbridge, Massachusetts, on 17 November 1886 and
died in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on 17 November 1972---his
86th birthday. From Cornell University he received an undergraduate
degree in 1914 and a Ph.D. in 1925. Francis was a man of great
ability and capable of forming enduring friendships with those
who accepted him regardless of his strong opinions and a long
list of dislikes. He was most articulate, when with friends, about
all such things; one came to realize that his particular traits,
including a prodigious memory, had much to do with his being a
remarkable editor--an utter perfectionist. To illustrate: the
Bartrams were a special interest of his and one of them tossed
a rock from the side of a clove in the Catskills and reportedly
counted to a certain number before it hit bottom; Francis went
there and did likewise--literally leaving no stone unturned when
verifying the statement. He was a prodigious notetaker. On 28
September 1952, having temporarily caught the note-taking disease
from him, I jotted down his remark: "I despise garrulous
senility, but don't know how to avoid it." We were finishing
an excellent dinner and Francis became--in his own way--philosophical.
He divided the "human race" [his words] into categories:
the morally degenerate, the grossly unethical, and those not assigned
to either of these categories--yet! To be subjected to his appraisal
was living dangerously; one's alleged or actual shortcomings were
candidates for entry in his notebook. Lest he be judged unique,
however, the reader is referred to a fascinating account of his
botanist brother, Roland, by Joseph Ewan (1968, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 94: 391-393). It was Francis's experience that he could not
work under supervision; he got on, after a fashion, supported
by relatively meager grants. He was employed or funded successively
by the Geological Survey of Canada, the U.S. Biological Survey,
Cornell University, New York State Museum, Boston Society of Natural
History, Biological Abstracts the American Committee for International
Wildlife Protection, Penrose Fund, and otherwise by the American
Philosophical Society, and other sources. His first trip north
was to Lake Athabaska [his preferred spelling] in 1914. He went
to Nueltin Lake in southern Keewatin in 1947--a high point in
his career. For an excellent photo of him taken on this trip,
see Natural History (1949, 58: 228). He was a Guggenheim Fellow
in 1950-1952, went to interior Ungava in 1953--his last trip northward--and
was employed for a time at the I-Iuyck Preserve in Rensselaerville,
New York. He settled in Chapel Hill in 1960 and resumed work on
Okefinokee [his spelling] folklore, which he had laid aside 40
years earlier. He was a member of several honorary societies,
including Phi Beta Kappa, and of various scientific organizations.
He was especially fond of the American Society of Mammalogists,
was its corresponding secretary in 1931-1932, much later was elected
an honorary member for life, and probably his most enduring noneditorial
work relates to mammals and their conservation. He published about
135 titles, mostly journal papers, the subjects being: faunal
zones, botany, conservation, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
quadrupeds, the Eskimo, the Montagnais, folklore, and early naturalists---especially
the Bartrams. His longer arian [sic] papers include those on Long
Island New York, shorebirds (1916, with John T. Nichols), diving
petrels (1921, with R. C. Murphy), and birds of interior Ungava
(1958). In his own estimation (and in the opinion of the undersigned),
first among his works are two long papers on the Bartrams (1942,
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n. s. 33, pt. 1; and 1943, pt. 2) and
the naturalist's edition of "The Travels of William Bartram"
(1958, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale Univ. Press). These are a
monument to the Bartrams and to the scholarship of Francis Harper.
Francis married Mary Jean Sherwood of Cornwall, New York, in 1923.
He is survived by his widow, four children, seven grandchildren,
and a sister.
___________________________________________________________________
Norment,
Christopher J. (2000) Francis Harper (1886-1972). Arctic 53(1):
72-75.
Below is the text of Norment's article; click on the citation
above for a pdf file which includes a photo of Harper.
John Richardson and Richard King, surgeon-naturalists
with the Franklin and Back expeditions, began the daunting task
of describing the natural history of the Athabasca-Mackenzie region
and the barren grounds to the north in the 1820s and 1830s. However,
it wasn’t until the first half of the twentieth century
that intensive fieldwork by biologists such as R. M. Anderson,
E. A. Preble, C.H.D. Clarke, and E. A. Porsild established a general
comprehensive understanding of the distribution of the flora and
fauna of northern mainland Canada. Among the biologists active
in the Canadian North at this time was Francis Harper. Born in
Southbridge, Massachusetts on 17 November 1886, Harper became
an avid and well-rounded naturalist at an early age. In 1914,
he received his B.A. degree from Cornell University and was employed
as a zoologist on a Geological Survey of Canada expedition to
the Lake Athabasca – Great Slave Lake region. The expedition,
under the leadership of Charles Camsell, left Athabasca Landing
on 18 May 1914 and returned there on 10 October of the same year.
Most of June was spent on Lake Athabasca, while July and August
were spent exploring the Tazin and Taltson River area, an unmapped
region whose biology was at the time completely unknown. Harper
gathered information on the plants, fishes, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals encountered during the journey.
Following service as a rodent control officer
in France at the conclusion of World War I, Harper returned in
1920 to the Athabasca area, where he was in the field from early
April to early November with Hamilton “Mack Laing and J.A.
Loring. Working under the auspices of the United States Biological
Survey, the expedition obtained an extensive collection of vertebrates,
including 1200 bird and 350 mammal specimens. Most of their work
took place along the Athabasca River below Fort McMurray, in the
Athabasca Delta, and moving eastward along the north shore of
Lake Athabasca toward Fond du Lac. Between 1919 and 1932, Harper
published a series of technical papers on the plants, fishes,
reptiles and amphibians, mammals and physiographic and faunal
regions of the Lake Athabasca – Great Slave Lake area, based
on his fieldwork of 1914 and 1920. Harper’s publications
on a wide range of taxa illustrate the breadth of his competence
as a naturalist and his efficiency as a field collector. Harper
also had a reputation as a technically excellent author and editor,
and Alexander Wetmore, when Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
supposedly remarked that Harper was “the only American zoologist
who knows how to write.”
After the second Athabasca trip in 1920,
Harper did not go north again until 1947. The intervening years
he married, helped raise four children, and devoted his considerable
energies to graduate school and then to a series of temporary
jobs and projects funded by grants and fellowships. Results from
his fieldwork in 1914 formed the basis for his Ph.D. thesis, “A
faunal reconnaissance in the Athabasca and Great Slave Lakes region,”
for which Harper received his doctoral degree from Cornell University
in 1925. Among the organizations providing either employment or
support to him between 1920 and 1947 were the New York State Museum,
the Boston Society of Natural History, Biological Abstracts, the
American Committee for Wildlife Protection, the Penrose Fund,
and the American Philosophical Society. Harper’s peripatetic
employment history resulted from his inability to work under direct
supervision, and in the words of Ralph S. Palmer, his “difficult”
personality. Harper could be extremely hard on others, bitter,
opinionated, and sometimes bigoted – traits that made long-term
employment with any organization impossible. In contrast, Palmer
also describes Harper as someone who “was unfailingly loyal
to those whom he regarded as kindred spirits.”
Harper’s fieldwork at more southerly
latitudes was focused on northeastern United States, including
the Adirondack Mountains of New York State and Mount Katahdin
in Maine, and the Okefenokee Swamp region of southeastern Georgia
and northeastern Florida. He published numerous papers on the
vertebrates of these two regions and in 1945 completed work on
Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World. At various times
he pursued interests in folklore of the Okefenokee Swamp, and
was active in efforts to protect the region. Harper was also considered
to be the foremost scholar of two eighteenth-century American
naturalists, John and William Bartram. He edited two long papers
on the Bartrams and in 1958 published an annotated edition of
The Travels of William Bartram.
Harper realized a dream of more than 30
years in 1947, when he undertook a biological reconnaissance of
the Nueltin Lake area the southern Keewatin. The expedition was
supported by the United States Office of Naval Research, with
funds administered through the Arctic Institute of North America.
In contrast to 1920, when he traveled by scow and canoe, Harper
reached Nueltin Lake by chartered plane – just one illustration
of how the North had changed in the intervening years. Harper
had recognized the immensity of the impending changes as early
as 1932, when he wrote in the Journal of Mammology:
In 1914 it [the Athabasca-Mackenzie region]
was remote, accessible with difficulty, and comparatively little-known;
visitors were something of a rarity, and romance still lingered
in the offing. Nowadays … couriers of the air cover in an
hour or two the same territory over which we toiled for weeks
with paddle and portage-strap; and radio brings news somewhat
more quickly than old-time winter deliveries of mail by dog-team.
Moreover, the blank spaces on the maps of those days are now sprinkled
with black dots indicating the sites of trading posts. (p. 22-23)
In 1947 one of these trading posts, located
near the mouth of the Windy River at the northwestern extremity
of Nueltin Lake, would serve as Harpers’ base of operations
during his six-month stay.
Harper arrived at the Windy River post,
which as operated by the family of Fred Schweder Sr., on 31 May.
He brought with him a young zoology student from the University
of Toronto, Farley Mowat. Mowat had been recommended to Harper
by Dr. C.H.D. Clarke, who had conducted a biological investigation
of the Thelon River area in 1936-37. Harper immediately began
collecting specimens and natural history information on mollusks,
spiders, fishes, birds, mammals, ectoparasites of birds and mammals,
mosses, and vascular plants. For most of his stay, Harper remained
at the Windy River camp, and he continued fieldwork until his
departure by plane on 4 December 1947. Harper was 61 at the time,
and he maintained a hectic schedule throughout his stay. In early
November, he wrote: “It has been something of a strain to
keep going as I have for five months.” Still, Harper was
in his element, with unlimited time to pursue his interests in
natural history. The country around Windy River plainly touched
Harper, as a journal entry from the end of June indicates: “With
sunshine, a temperature over 50 degrees, and not much wind, with
the open and limitless Barrens before, me who could ask for more?
… [W]ho can express the real spirit of the Barrens? Vague,
elusive, full of figurative shadows as well as real sunshine,
limitless, mysterious, all of these and more adjectives could
be hurled at them and still fall far short of the mark.”
In addition to providing Harper with a
base of operations at Windy River, Fred Schweder Sr.’s sons
– Charles and Fred Jr. – assisted him by collecting
specimens and providing numerous faunal observations, which they
had gathered during their years of travel and residence in the
Nueltin Lake area. Mowat and Harper, however, did not get along
well, and on 7 July Harper dismissed Mowat from the expedition.
Materials in the Harper papers at the University of Kansas suggest
that the conflicting expectations about responsibilities and the
strong personalities of both men undoubtedly contributed to their
split, and to Mowat’s dismissal. Mowat and Harper had corresponded
about the expedition over a period of only six weeks in the spring
of 1947, and they had not met each other before the trip. Mowat’s
letters indicate that he worried bout the organization of the
party and what his duties were to be. Correspondence between Mowat
and Harper suggests that Mowat’s duties were to be limited
to collecting data on mammals and birds. Mowat wrote Harper that
it was “your party,” while Harper replied that “I
should say that ours will be an association of partners, each
free to do practically as he pleases, with a decent regard for
the other fellows [sic] interests and wishes.” Although
Harper’s letter gives the impression of flexibility, an
earlier letter to Mowat indicates Harper’s strong scientific
focus: “In assembling any party, whether its members are
acquainted or not, there is always the possibility of minor friction
developing, but devotion to common scientific cause should minimize
such possibility. The moral and scientific responsibility of each
member is taken for granted.”
Harper’s letter of 7 July lists several
reasons for Mowat’s dismissal from the expedition, including
“lack of consideration for others,” and the accusation
that “You have spent a very considerable time in non-biological
matters, thus indicating a certain lack of genuine interest in,
or devotion to, the primary purpose of the expedition. Harper
also stated that once Mowat had reached Nueltin Lake, “…
you announced your intention of leaving the Nueltin area for the
greater part of the summer.” Whatever Harper’s reasons
for the dismissal, Mowat left Nueltin Lake for Brochet, Manitoba
on 8 July. He returned in early August, whereupon he presented
a letter to Harper defending his actions, and pointing out that
Harper had stated that he, Mowat, was “free to engage in
any activity which I saw fit and that you would make no effort
to interfere with my actions.” The split between Mowat and
Harper was severe and permanent, as separate publications on the
birds of the Nueltin Lake area by the two do not mention that
they were once associated, while Harper gave no indication that
anyone had accompanied him to Nueltin Lake in May.
Harper returned form Nueltin Lake with
a tremendous amount of information on the natural history of the
area, including specimens of over 800 plants, 117 birds, and 113
mammals. Material on spiders, mollusks, fishes, mosses, lichens,
and vascular plants was written up by relevant experts, while
Harper produced at least five papers on the vertebrates of the
Nueltin Lake area, including monographs on the birds, mammals,
and barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus). Reflecting
his interests in ethnography, Harper also published a descriptive
but very opinionated account of a group of Padlimiut Inuit who
lived on the Upper Kazan River and traded at the Windy River post.
The manuscripts on mammals, caribou, and Inuit were published
by the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, after Harper
developed a working relationship with its director, E. Raymond
Hall.
After returning from Nueltin Lake, Harper
was briefly associated with the E. N. Huyck Preserve in Rensselaerville,
New York. He was then supported by a Guggenheim Fellowship and
by a National Science Foundation grant that enabled him to work
on papers related to his Nueltin Lake fieldwork. Harper made his
last trip north in 1953, to conduct research in central Ungava.
This trip was funded through the Office of Naval Research (again
administered through the Arctic Institute of North America) and
the U.S. Department of the Army. Perhaps because of his experiences
with Farley Mowat at Nueltin Lake, Harper chose to work along
while in Ungava. Although Harpers’ travels in Ungava took
him to several locations between 53 degrees and 57 degrees N,
he conducted most of his fieldwork within 20 km of Knob Lake,
near the Quebec/Labrador border, at 54degrees50’N. Harper
was in the field for approximately four months, and once again
collected data on a wide variety of taxa. He reported on his observations
in six papers, including works on the fishes, birds, mammals,
and Montagnais people; like his Nueltin manuscripts, most of them
were published by the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History.
Although Harper did not return to the North after 1953, he remained
interested in the region, particularly in the effects of radiostrontium
fallout on caribou and indigenous peoples, and in 1963 he published
Caribou and Eskimos, in IUCN Bulletin 6. His later years were
occupied with publishing results of this Nueltin Lake and Ungava
expeditions, editing material related to the Bartrams, and writing
up his observations of Okefenokee folklore. With H.M. Laing, Harper
also attempted to work up their 1920 Athabasca bird data, 45 years
after their journey. However, the magnitude of the project was
daunting. Laing and Harper had gathered a tremendous amount of
material during their 1920 journey – at least 670 pages
of field notes by Harper alone – and because Harper could
not find funds to support himself while writing up the results,
the project remained unfinished. The partial manuscript was subsequently
lost and never published. Harper remained active during the final
years of his life, although he apparently was overwhelmed by the
myriad unfinished projects that lay before him. He died in Chapel
Hill, North Carolina, on 17 November 1972 – his 86th birthday.
Francis Harper is probably best considered
a relatively minor figure among biologists who were active in
the Canadian North during the first half of the twentieth century.
Although he spent four long field seasons in the North, most of
his interests were southerly, rather than northerly, in nature.
He confessed to a considering himself a “hopelessly outmoded,
early Proterozoic naturalist – and thankful for it!”
and his northern publications reflect his proclivity for collecting
large amounts of observational information. Several of these publications
were criticized b contemporary reviewers. For example, John Tener
(1957) of the Canadian Wildlife Service felt that the title of
The Mammals of the Keewatin was misleading, since most of the
text dealt with observations made in the vicinity of Nueltin Lake.
Tener also felt that Harper relied too heavily on observations
made by the Schweders, and that his treatment of some species
was unnecessarily superficial. O. L Austin Jr. (1959), commenting
on Birds of the Ungava Peninsula, also felt that the title was
misleading, since most of Harper’s text focused on central
and southern Ungava. Austin also criticized Harper’s stubbornness
on some matters of zoological nomenclature and taxonomy and his
excessive reliance on sight records, as opposed to collected specimens,
for establishing distributional limits. In my opinion, the major
value of Harper’s work lies in the wealth of natural history
observations contained in his major papers, especially those focused
on a single locality such as Windy River or Knob Lake. The subarctic
boreal forest and the subarctic forest – arctic tundra ecotone,
where Harper conducted his northern fieldwork, are still relatively
unknown from a biological standpoint. Much of the research that
has been done is descriptive in nature, and relatively few biologists
have conducted in –depth ecological studies in the region.
Biologists contemplating quantitative studies in the region, particularly
those related to birds or mammals, would be well advised to read
Harper’s relevant publications, since natural history remains
the basis for all modern, well-designed ecological research projects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the Department of Special Collections, Kenneth Spencer
Research Library, University of Kansas, for allowing access to
material in the Francis Harper collection, and to the children
of Francis Harper, for permission to use the photograph appearing
with the article and to quote from Francis Harper’s letters.
Thanks also to Robert Gilliam, Drake Memorial Library, State University
of New York College at Brockport, for chasing down several arcane
Harper references. Stuart Houston and Ralph Palmer supplied much
valuable information on Francis Harper. Stuart Houston also commented
on the manuscript.
FURTHER READINGS
Austin, O. L, Jr. 1959. Review of “Birds of the Ungava Peninsula,”
by Francis Harper. Bird-banding 30: 136-137.
Harper, F. 1932. Mammals of the Athabaska and Great Slave lakes
region. Journal of Mammology 13: 19-36.
---. 1953. Birds of the Nueltin Lake expedition, Keewatin, 1947.
American Midland Naturalist 49: 1-116.
---. 1955. The barren ground caribou of Keewatin. University of
Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication No.
6. 164 p.
---. 1956. The mammals of Keewatin. University of Kansas Museum
of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication No. 12. 94 p.
---. 1958. Birds of the Ungava Peninsula. University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication No. 17. 171
p.
---. 1961. Land and fresh-water mammals of Ungava. University
of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication
No 27. 178 p.
---. 1963. Caribou and Eskimos. International Union for the Conservation
of Nature, Bulletin No. 6.
---. 1964. Caribou Eskimos of the Upper Kazan River, Keewatin.
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication
No. 36. 74 p.
Mowat, F. M., and Lawrie, A. H. 1955. Bird observations from southern
Keewatin and the interior of northern Manitoba. Canadian Field
– Naturalist 69: 93-116.
Tener, J.S. 1957. Review of “The Mammals of Keewatin,”
by Francis Harper. Canadian Field – Naturalist 71: 161-162.
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